Language Customization Mechanisms

Every specific purpose and usage of an architecture modeling language brings about its own specific demands on the language. Yet, it should be possible to use a language for only a limited, though non-specific, modeling purpose. Therefore, the ArchiMate language, specified in the ArchiMate metamodel and described in Generic Metamodel to Implementation and Migration Layer, contains only the basic elements and relationships that serve general Enterprise Architecture modeling purposes. However, the language should also be able to facilitate, through customization^[1] mechanisms, specialized, or domain-specific purposes, such as:

Support for specific types of model analysis
Support for the communication of architectures
Capture the specifics of a certain application domain (e.g., the financial sector)

The argument behind this statement is to provide a means to allow customization of the language that is tailored towards such specific domains or applications, without burdening the language with a lot of additional concepts and notations which most people would barely use. The remainder of this chapter is devoted to the customization mechanisms that are part of the ArchiMate language, and to a series of illustrative examples of such customizations.

Adding Attributes to ArchiMate Concepts

As stated earlier in this standard, the ArchiMate language contains only the elements and relationships that are necessary for general architecture modeling. However, users might want to perform model-based performance or cost calculations to attach supplementary information (textual, numerical, etc.) to the model concepts. Every concept in an ArchiMate model can have attributes attached to it. ArchiMate concepts can be enriched in a generic way with supplementary information by means of a “profiling” specialization mechanism (see also [9]).

A profile is a data structure which can be defined separately from the ArchiMate language but can be dynamically coupled with concepts; i.e., the user of the language is free to decide whether and when the assignment of a profile to a model concept is necessary. Profiles are specified as sets of typed attributes. Each of these attributes may have a default value that can be changed by the user.

Two types of profiles can be distinguished:

Pre-defined profiles: these are profiles that have a predefined attribute structure and can be implemented beforehand in any tool supporting the ArchiMate language

Examples of such profiles are sets of attributes for ArchiMate concepts that have to be specified in order to execute common types of analysis.

User-defined profiles: through a profile definition language, the user is able to define new profiles, thus extending the definition of ArchiMate elements or relationships with supplementary attribute sets.

At least the following basic data types are allowed for these attributes:

String
Integer
Real
Boolean
Currency
Date
URL

In addition, the following complex types are supported:

Structure, consisting of one or more fields of a basic type
List, consisting of elements of one of the other types

The ArchiMate Model Exchange File Format [20] defines how these types are encoded and exchanged.

Examples

Profile Examples shows possible profiles with input attributes needed for certain types of cost and performance analysis of architecture models [13]. Each “serving” relationship may have a weight (indicating the average number of uses); each (business, application, or technology) “service” may have fixed and variable costs and an (average) service time; and each structure element (e.g., business role, business actor, application component, device) may have fixed and variable costs and a capacity.

Table 1. Profile Examples
“Serving” Profile		“Service” Profile		“Structure Element” Profile
Attribute	Type	Attribute	Type	Attribute	Type
Weight	Real	Fixed cost	Currency	Fixed cost	Currency
		Variable cost	Currency	Variable cost	Currency
		Service time	Time	Capacity	Integer

Relationship Profile Example shows a generic profile that can be used to model cardinalities and role labels of relationships.

Table 2. Relationship Profile Example
Cardinality and Relation Roles Profile
Attribute	Type
‘From’ cardinality	Structure (lower bound, upper bound), e.g. 0..0, 0..1, 0.., 1..
‘To’ cardinality	Structure (lower bound, upper bound)
‘From’ relation role	String
‘To’ relation role	String

Specialization of Concepts

Specialization is a simple and powerful way to define new elements or relationships based on the existing ones. Specialized elements inherit the properties of their generalized elements (including the relationships that are allowed for the element), but some of the relationships that apply to the specialized element need not be allowed for the generalized element. Also, new graphical notation could be introduced for a specialized concept, but preferably with a resemblance to the notation of the generalized concept; e.g., by adding an icon or other graphical marker, or changing the existing icon. A specialized element or relationship strongly resembles a stereotype as it is used in UML. The stereotype notation with angled brackets may also be used to denote a specialized concept. Finally, for a specialized concept, certain attributes may be predefined, as described in the previous section.

Specialization of relationships is also allowed. Similar to specialization of elements, a specialized relationship inherits all properties of its “parent” relationship, with possible additional restrictions. For example, two specializations of the assignment relationship may be used to model responsibility versus accountability. Another example is a specialization of the flow relationship to model material flow in a supply chain.

Specialization of concepts provides extra flexibility as it allows organizations or individual users to customize the language to their own preferences and needs, while the underlying precise definition of the concepts is preserved. This also implies that analysis and visualization techniques developed for the ArchiMate language still apply when the specialized concepts are used.

Specialization of concepts is done by using the profile mechanism described in Adding Attributes to ArchiMate Concepts. The name of the profile is the name of the specialization, and it may have other attributes if relevant to the specialization. The specialized concept is modeled by assigning such a profile to the general concept.

The profile may also define a specific notation to denote the specialization. The default is the guillemet notation of UML for stereotypes (“«specialization name»”). Other options include specific icons, colors, fonts, or symbols. Note that multiple specialization profiles may be assigned to the same generalized concept; in the default notation, these are shown as a comma-separated list (“«specialization 1, specialization 2»”).

Examples of Specializations of Business Layer Elements (Informative)

Example Specializations of Business Layer Elements shows examples of specializations of Business Layer concepts.

Table 3. Example Specializations of Business Layer Elements
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Business Actor	Individual	A natural person capable of performing behavior in the context of an enterprise.
	Organizational Unit	Any named subdivision of an organization (e.g., a department).
	Organization	An entity such as an institution, corporation, or association that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment.
	Threat Agent	Anything (e.g., an object, substance, individual, or group) that is capable of acting against an asset in a manner that can result in harm. This can be intentional; i.e., an attacker, but also unintentional; e.g., a well-intentioned, but inept, computer operator who trashes a daily batch job by typing the wrong command.
Business Service	Business Decision	A conclusion that a business arrives at through business logic and which the business is interested in managing.
Business Collaboration	Social Network	A social structure made up of social actors (individuals or organizations) and the connections between these actors.
Business Process	Business Activity	Atomic internal behavior element (at the considered abstraction level) that will not be decomposed any further.
Business Event	Threat Event (Risk & Security Overlay)	Event with the potential to adversely impact an asset. An attack is a specific type of threat event that is the result of an intentional malicious activity of an attacker, which is a specific type of threat agent.
	Loss Event (Risk & Security Overlay)	Any circumstance that causes a loss or damage to an asset.

Examples of Specializations of Application Layer Elements (Informative)

Example Specializations of Application Layer Elements shows examples of specializations of Application Layer elements.

Table 4. Example Specializations of Application Layer Elements
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Application Component	Logical Application Component	An encapsulation of application functionality that is independent of a particular implementation.
	Physical Application Component	An application, application module, application service, or other deployable component of functionality.
Application Interface	Application-to-Application Interface	Interface that is used to communicate between application components.
	Graphical User Interface	On-screen interface (GUI) with which a human user can interact with an application component.

Examples of Specializations of Technology Layer Elements (Informative)

Example Specializations of Technology Layer Elements shows examples of specializations of Technology Layer elements.

Table 5. Example Specializations of Technology Layer Elements
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Node	Logical Technology Component	An encapsulation of technology infrastructure that is independent of a particular product. A class of technology product.
	Physical Technology Component	A specific technology infrastructure product or technology infrastructure product instance.
Device	Mobile Device	A portable device such as a smartphone or tablet.
	Embedded Device	A computing device that is part of a piece of equipment.
Network	Wi-Fi Network	Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).
	Wide Area Network	Long-range data communication network.
Technology Service	Processing Service	Service used for processing data by a node.
	Storage Service	Service used for storing data on a node, typically offered by a database or file system.
	Communication Service	Service used for transporting information (e.g., voice, data) between nodes.

Examples of Specializations of Physical Elements (Informative)

Example Specializations of Physical Elements shows examples of specializations of physical elements.

Table 6. Example Specializations of Physical Elements
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Equipment	Vehicle	A movable piece of equipment used for transportation purposes.
	Train	A vehicle intended for use on a rail network.
Facility	Factory	A large-scale physical resource used for receipt, temporary storage, and redistribution of goods.
Material	Ore	Rock containing minerals, raw material in mining, and related industries.
	Building Material	Material used in building and construction such as concrete, bricks and mortar, beams, and girders, etc.
	Fuel	Material used as an energy source in, for example, production or transportation.
Distribution Network	Rail Network	Network for rail transport, on which trains are used.
	Energy Grid	Network for distribution of energy, such as an electrical power grid or a gas distribution network.

Examples of Specializations of Motivation Elements (Informative)

Example Specializations of Motivation Elements shows examples of specializations of motivation elements.

Table 7. Example Specializations of Motivation Elements
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Driver	Metric	The extent, quantity, amount, or degree of something, as determined by measurement or calculation.
Assessment	Vulnerability (Risk & Security Overlay)	The probability that an asset will be unable to resist the actions of a threat agent.
	Risk (Risk & Security Overlay)	The probable frequency and probable magnitude of future loss.
Goal	Business Objective	A time-bound milestone for an organization used to demonstrate progress towards a goal.
	Control Objective (Risk & Security Overlay)	Aim or purpose of specified control measures which address the risks that these control measures are intended to mitigate.
Principle	Business Policy	A directive that is not directly enforceable, whose purpose is to govern or guide the enterprise.
Requirement	Control Measure (Risk & Security Overlay)	An action, device, procedure, or technique that reduces a threat, a vulnerability, or an attack by eliminating or preventing it, by minimizing the harm it can cause, or by discovering and reporting it so that corrective action can be taken.
	Business Rule	An enforceable directive intended to govern, guide, or influence business behavior.

Specializations of Business Layer and Motivation Elements illustrates the use of specializations of Business Layer and motivation elements to model the results of a risk analysis, and the control objectives and required control measures to mitigate the identified risks. This example uses the UML stereotype notation with angled brackets to denote specialized elements.

ex Specializations of Business Layer and Motivation Elements

Example 36: Specializations of Business Layer and Motivation Elements

Examples of Specializations of Strategy Elements (Informative)

Example Specializations of Strategy Elements shows examples of specializations of strategy elements.

Table 8. Example Specializations of Strategy Elements
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Capability	Capability Increment	A specialization of a capability realized by a specific plateau or a state in the architecture that represents a stage in the evolution of that capability.
Course of Action	Strategy	A high-level, broad-scope approach to achieve a long-term goal.
	Tactic	A narrow-scope approach to achieve a short-term goal, used to detail a strategy.

Examples of Specializations of Implementation and Migration Elements (Informative)

Example Specializations of Implementation and Migration Elements shows examples of specializations of implementation and migration elements.

Table 9. Example Specializations of Implementation and Migration Elements
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Work Package	Program	A coordinated set of projects that deliver business benefits to the organization.
	Project	A time- and resource-bound activity that delivers specific business benefits to an organization.

Examples of Specializations of Composite Elements (Informative)

Example Specializations of Composite Elements shows examples of specializations of compound elements. In addition to the specialization of single model elements, grouping can also be used to define specific compound elements.

Table 10. Example Specializations of Composite Elements
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Grouping	Risk Domain (Risk & Security Overlay)	A domain consisting of entities that share one or more characteristics relevant to risk management or security. A risk domain is also a context or set of conditions that affects a risk exposure level.
Grouping of Application Component, Application Function, and Data Object	Data Store	A repository for persistently storing and managing collections of data.

Examples of Specializations of Relationships and Relationship Connectors (Informative)

Example Specializations of Relationships and Relationship Connectors shows examples of specializations of relationships and relationship connectors.

Table 11. Example Specializations of Relationships and Relationship Connectors
Parent Concept	Specialized Concept	Description
Flow	Money Flow	A flow of money between behavior elements.
Assignment	Responsibilities Assignment	Assignment from a business actor to a business role.
	Behavior Assignment	Assignment from an active structure to a behavior element.
Or-junction	Or-join	A junction with two or more incoming triggering and one outgoing triggering relationship, representing that at least one of the incoming relationships must be triggered to trigger the outgoing one.

1. Note that this chapter was called Language Extension Mechanisms in previous versions of this standard. Since these customization mechanisms do not actually extend the language, it was decided to rename this chapter and these mechanisms.